In a country where digital freedoms have been suppressed for decades, the tide appears to be shifting toward greater internet freedom in Iran. At the heart of this transformation is Masoud Pezeshkian, a reform-minded parliamentarian whose influence, while limited, has sparked hope and action among advocates for digital rights.
A Long History of Censorship
For years, Iranians have faced severe restrictions on internet access. Thousands of websites, including globally popular platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, and X, remain banned. This digital suppression has not only curtailed individual freedoms but has also impacted Iran’s economy. Social media platforms are vital tools for many Iranian entrepreneurs, and censorship has hampered their ability to conduct business.
The government’s iron grip on the internet is part of a broader strategy to control dissent and restrict access to outside influences. However, rising public demand for connectivity and economic necessity have pushed the issue to the forefront of political discourse.
Pezeshkian’s Push for Change
President Masoud Pezeshkian campaigned on promises to ease internet restrictions and address other societal issues, including mandatory head coverings for women. However, the presidency in Iran wields limited power compared to institutions like the Supreme Council of Cyberspace (SCC) or the office of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
Despite these constraints, Pezeshkian’s administration has made modest strides. Last month, the SCC approved limited access to platforms like WhatsApp and Google Play. While these changes fall short of the sweeping reforms many hoped for, they mark a preliminary step in a highly contentious arena.
The Supreme Council of Cyberspace: A Power Play
The SCC, Iran’s primary body for internet regulation, illustrates the challenges Pezeshkian faces. Of its 28 members, a significant portion are directly appointed by Khamenei, including hardliners opposed to any relaxation of internet restrictions. Other members, such as the President himself, cabinet ministers, and military leaders, bring diverse and often conflicting perspectives.
The Council’s decisions reflect this tug-of-war. While minor concessions have been made, leaked reports suggest the SCC is considering controversial measures like “tiering the internet,” which would restrict unrestricted access to select professions, and promoting government-approved apps that monitor user activity on banned sites.
Public and Political Backlash
These proposals have sparked outrage among digital rights advocates. Hamidreza Ahmadi of the Tehran E-Commerce Association warns that government proxy apps could stifle the visibility and monetization of Iranian content on global platforms like YouTube. Similarly, internet freedom groups argue that these measures deepen surveillance rather than expand freedom.
The opposition isn’t limited to activists. Even within Parliament, there are growing voices in favor of broader internet access. A group of 136 MPs recently criticized the SCC’s recent decisions, framing them as detrimental to Iran’s global standing.
Hardline Resistance and Rhetoric
Unsurprisingly, hardliners continue to resist any loosening of restrictions. Demonstrations against internet freedom have been staged, with opponents framing it as a threat to Iran’s cultural and ideological values. Some critics have gone as far as to claim that lifting restrictions would “aid the enemy” in a so-called “soft war.”
Signs of Change
Despite this resistance, there are signs that the tide is turning. Communications Minister Sattar Hashemi has reaffirmed the government’s commitment to easing restrictions. Even traditionally conservative voices, like the Javan newspaper, have criticized current policies as “irrational and undesirable.”
The growing acknowledgment of internet access as an economic and social necessity could pave the way for further reforms. For Iran’s tech-savvy youth and entrepreneurial class, these changes cannot come soon enough.
Masoud Pezeshkian’s advocacy represents a glimmer of hope in Iran’s ongoing struggle for internet freedom. While his powers may be limited, the momentum he has helped generate is undeniable. As technological advancements, public demand, and international support converge, the tide is turning in favor of greater digital rights in Iran.
The road ahead will not be easy, but the resilience and determination of the Iranian people offer a powerful reminder that the fight for freedom—online and offline—is never in vain.
